Effects depend on the chemical form, amount, route and duration of exposure. Some elements have normal roles in the body; harm comes from particular forms or excessive exposure. The guide below explains potential effects—not what a detectable result automatically means.
Lead (Pb)
Lead can affect the nervous system, kidneys and blood formation. Children are especially vulnerable to effects on learning and development. Sources can include contaminated dust, old paint and battery-related work.
Mercury (Hg)
Mercury can affect nerves and kidneys. The source may be methylmercury in certain fish, mercury vapour or contaminated products, including some skin-lightening creams. The exposure type guides sample selection.
Arsenic (As)
Long-term inorganic arsenic exposure can affect skin and nerves and increase certain cancer risks. Contaminated water is an important source. Seafood can contain less harmful organic forms that also raise total urine arsenic.
Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium can damage kidneys and weaken bones; inhaled cadmium can injure lungs. Tobacco smoke and certain industrial processes are relevant sources. Urine and blood results reflect different aspects of exposure.
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium occurs in different forms. Certain workplace exposures, especially hexavalent chromium, can damage skin and airways and increase lung cancer risk. A routine chromium measurement does not by itself identify the original chemical form.
Cobalt (Co)
Cobalt is part of vitamin B12, but excessive exposure is a different issue. Some metalworking and implant-related exposures merit assessment. High exposure can affect lungs, thyroid or blood, depending on its route.
Manganese (Mn)
Manganese is an essential nutrient. Excessive exposure, particularly inhaling welding or industrial fumes, can affect movement, coordination and other nervous-system functions.
Nickel (Ni)
Nickel can trigger contact dermatitis, while some occupational inhalation exposures can affect the lungs. These panels measure nickel exposure; they do not diagnose a jewellery or contact allergy.