Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Tumour marker for liver cancer
AFP is an established blood marker associated with liver cancer and certain germ-cell tumours. Used alongside liver imaging, it helps clinicians investigate suspected disease and assess response to treatment. In selected people with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, AFP can form part of a liver-cancer surveillance plan with ultrasound. Your liver history and previous results help give the measurement its clinical meaning.
Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125)
Tumour marker for ovarian cancer
CA-125 is a tumour marker associated with ovarian cancer. When an ovarian abnormality needs investigation, it adds useful information alongside symptoms and ultrasound findings. It also helps the treating specialist evaluate treatment response and check for changes after treatment. Your menstrual cycle and conditions such as endometriosis are considered when interpreting the result.
Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3)
Tumour marker for breast cancer
CA 15-3 is a tumour marker associated with breast cancer. Its established value is in assessing changes during treatment and follow-up, especially in advanced breast cancer. Comparing results over time, together with imaging and symptoms, helps the specialist understand treatment response and decide when further investigation is useful. It can be relevant to both women and men receiving breast-cancer care.
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
Tumour marker for pancreatic and selected gastrointestinal cancers
CA 19-9 is a tumour marker associated with pancreatic, bile-duct and selected gastrointestinal cancers. Its strongest clinical role is helping assess disease activity and treatment response in people with an established diagnosis. Comparing blood results with scans gives the treating specialist useful information for ongoing care. The clinician also considers bile-duct blockage and inflammation when explaining a raised result.
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Tumour marker for colon and rectal cancer
CEA is a tumour marker associated with colon and rectal cancer. It has an established role in assessing treatment response and checking for changes after treatment that may need investigation. A series of results helps the specialist understand the pattern over time and plan follow-up. Smoking history and other health conditions are part of interpreting the number accurately.
Free PSA
Marker used in prostate cancer assessment
Free PSA adds detail to prostate cancer risk assessment by measuring the PSA that circulates without being attached to blood proteins. Its relationship to the other PSA measurements on the report helps clinicians assess whether further prostate investigation is appropriate. Age, symptoms and prostate history complete the assessment and guide the next step.
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Tumour marker for small-cell lung cancer
NSE is a tumour marker associated particularly with small-cell lung cancer and certain neuroendocrine tumours, including neuroblastoma. It provides supporting evidence during a specialist assessment and helps evaluate how the disease responds to treatment. Looking at NSE together with scans and other findings gives the treating team a more informed picture of these specific conditions.